RAE — retinol activity equivalents — is the unit used to account for this difference. It allows different forms of vitamin A to be compared on a like-for-like basis. When you see a figure like 835 mcg RAE for carrots, that’s the effective vitamin A value after accounting for the lower conversion rate of beta-carotene.
So what does it all actually do? Vitamin A contributes to the maintenance of normal vision — including adaptation to low light, which is why night blindness is often one of the earliest signs of deficiency. It also contributes to the normal function of the immune system, which is relevant for any child who seems to pick up every illness going around at nursery or school. Perhaps less obviously, vitamin A contributes to the maintenance of normal skin — dry, flaky or persistently rough skin in a child can sometimes reflect low intake, particularly when other causes have been ruled out. And vitamin A contributes to normal iron metabolism, which matters especially if your child is also low in iron.
The Best Food Sources — Explained for Parents
Let’s go through the main categories practically, because knowing a food is ‘high in vitamin A’ is only useful if you can actually get your child to eat it.
Animal sources
Beef liver is by far the highest source — around 6,000 mcg RAE per 100g, which is several times the daily requirement for a child. That sounds useful until you discover most children have strong opinions about liver. Even if your child does eat it, once a week is the recommended maximum for children, because the retinol content is high enough that eating it daily could push intake toward the upper safe limit over time.
Eggs are more practical. Each egg provides around 75 mcg RAE, the yolk is where the vitamin A is (so scrambled egg made with just whites doesn’t count), and most children will eat eggs in some form. For a 3-6 year old needing approximately 300-400 mcg RAE per day, two eggs plus some dairy and an orange vegetable gets you close.
Dairy — full-fat milk, cheese, butter, yoghurt — contributes meaningfully, though the amounts vary. Full-fat versions contain more than skimmed. For younger children who are still drinking reasonable amounts of milk, this is often a useful baseline.
Oily fish such as salmon and mackerel provide retinol directly and are worth including for older children (7-12) a couple of times a week. The omega-3 content is an additional reason to prioritise them.
Plant sources
Sweet potato is the standout in this category — cooked sweet potato provides around 960 mcg RAE per 100g, and a lot of children who claim to dislike vegetables will eat it mashed or roasted. Carrots are also excellent at 835 mcg RAE per 100g raw, and the convenience factor (easy to give raw as a snack) makes them a realistic daily option.
Spinach and other dark leafy greens provide beta-carotene, but the conversion to usable vitamin A is lower than it appears on paper. Still worth including — but don’t assume a portion of spinach is equivalent to a small piece of liver. Mango is a useful source for children who don’t love vegetables; at 54 mcg RAE per 100g it’s not the highest, but it’s something a child will actually eat willingly. (That’s not nothing.)
One important note across all plant sources: vitamin A is fat-soluble, which means it requires dietary fat to be absorbed. Serving carrots with a little olive oil, adding avocado to a spinach salad, or pairing sweet potato with some full-fat yoghurt improves how much vitamin A your child’s body can actually use from that meal. A plate of raw carrot sticks with no fat alongside is less effective than it looks.Â